United States v. Nixon

The Cover-up

1. Regardless of the outcome, should the President of the United States have a right to privacy in regards to the Oval Office tapes? Explain.

No, because the President could have to much secret, he could gain too much power which could potentially make him a dictator.


2. Was President Nixon justified when he fired special prosecutor Archibald Cox? Explain.

No, Nixon fired Cox just because he didn't want Cox to show people the tapes and because he wouldn't agree to just give a summary of the tapes.


3. Was Nixon creating a Constitutional crisis by refusing to hand-over the tapes? Explain.

Yes, because the public didn't know exactally what was on the tapes, it could have been dangerous for the public. The people thought that Nixon could have been a dictator, or at least turning into one.


Closure

4. Why do you think the American public was so outraged by Watergate?

The American public was upset because they didn't know that the president could/may be involved so deeply with secret affairs that they didn't even know about.


5. Do you think President Nixon should have resigned? Explain.

Yes, because the American public no longer trusted their president, and they were unsure if he was involved with the crime.

6. Do you think President Nixon should have been prosecuted? Explain.

Possibly, it was never proven if he did have anything to do with the crime, but many things lead to Nixon, so he should of at least given up his presidency with all this suspicion

Watergate: Nixon's Downfall

1. How were the "plumbers" connected to President Nixon?

2. Who was the judge? Why did he hand out maximum sentences?
John Sirica

3. How were Mitchell and Dean connected to Nixon?
He charged Nixon and said he was involved.
4. How were Haldeman and Erlichman connected to Nixon?
The secretary claimed that Nixon's coversation with Haldeman was "accidentally" erased.
5. What did the following men tell the Senate about Nixon?

a. Dean
Nixon was guilty.

b. Butterfield
Nixon had taped all his convos (proof)
6. Who was fired or forced to resign in the "massacre"?
Richardson and Cox.
7. Why weren't investigators satisified with the transcripts?
The details weren't clear
8. What did the tapes reveal?
What Nixon knew about watergate.
9. Why did Vice President Spiro Agnew resign?
after it was revealed that he was accepting bribes.

10. What did the House Judiciary Committee charge President Nixon with?

11. How did the Watergate scandal create a constitutional crisis?

Women Fight for Equality

1. Experiences in the workplace
Only one out of every three women were paid. And they were given jobs more thought to be "women's work" (retail, clothing, etc)

2. Experiences in social activism
Activists felt discriminated against because these were always led by men. The found that there was a discrimination of gender.

3. "Consciousness raising"
Women joined together to creat awareness about discrimination in genders. the talked about their stories and found that there was a bias against genders.


4. Feminism
women believed that they had the right to be treated equal.

5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
She started a magazine to raise awareness.

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination of race

7. National Organization for Women (NOW)
fought for womens rights

8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine
political activist of womens rights. designed to treat gender discrimination.

9. Congress
banned discrimination

10. Supreme Court

11. The Equal rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment? Why?
Phyllis Schafley opposed this because he thought that this would end the men's responsiblity to care for their families.

Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?

The Americans did not lose purely for military reasons. There were other factors as well.

Write an explanation AND cite a source which shows the importance of the following six factors:

1. US military tactics in Vietnam
The US did not use guerilla warfare, while Vietnam did.

2. The unpopularity of the South Vietnamese regime
People didn't respect the South Vietnamese regime because it was capable of remaining strong, it would get pushed around and do nothing.

3. The experience of the Viet Cong and the inexperience of the American soldiers
The Viet Cong had the home advantage and they had good military tactics, while the americans were just coming in and unexperiencingly killing people, including many innocent people.

4. Domestic opposition to the war in the U.S.
The US citizens didn't see the purpose to the war. They just saw monks burning and innocent people and children being slaughtered by the americans.

5. Chinese and Soviet support for the Viet Cong
The Communist countries like the Viet Cong because of their communism, so this made them stronger.

6. 'But did they really lose?' Summarize the argument put forward in Source 57, and your view on it.
They didn't lose, even though america did back out of vietnam, it was only because it was unfavorable to the american public.
Add other if you think there are factors you should consider.

Vietnam War Opposition

1. Note all of the reasons why you feel the war in Vietnam is wrong.
The war in Veitnam is wrong because we didn't fight just soldiers. We tortured and killed many innocent Veitnamese. When using code orange to stop the Veitnamese guerilla tactics, we not only burned down their forests, but the chemical burned people. It burned people's skin to the bone. Civilian casualties were very high. Instead of it being a fight for communism, it became a slaughter and torture place for the people of Veitnam.


2. Note what you're trying to achieve with this poster. (e.g. to convince people to write to their Congressmen to get the troops out.)
To stop the people's communist fears
To illustrate the slaughter and tortue the veitnamese are going through

3. List possible images for your poster. Think about: background (e.g. destroyed villages); the central image (e.g. picture of a young soldier); whether you will need words to explain your image.
illustrate code orange, and poor veitnamese people

4. List some possible slogans for your poster.
"It's not a fight to stop communism, it's torture"

The U.S. Attempts to Contain Cuba

1. Why was Cuba so important to the United States?
Cuba was important to The United States because it was so close. It the Soviets got control of Cuba or became to friendly with Castro, which they did, then the Soviets would be to close to comfort for the US because they could easily start a nuclear war with them.

2. Why do you think the Americans chose to equip Cuban exiles rather than invading themselves?
By sending Cuban exiles, they could see how powerful Castro's army was without endangering their own American soldiers.

3. Why did the invasion fail?
The Cuban exiles only numbered around 1,400 while the Cuban army under Castro was near 20,000. Castro's army crushed the exiles, killing or capturing all of them in a matter of days.

4. Compare Source 17 on page 345 (in the Arms Race.pdf reading) with Source 24 on page 348. Describe how the Soviet Union missiles on Cuba changed the Cold War balance of power.
In the beginning of the Cold War America had all the advances in the technology. They were the first to create the atomic bomb and if needed, they could send it and destroy the Soviet Union within 30 minutes. But soon enough the Soviets were the first to have a satellite in space and then soon they started to have good relations with the Cubans, enabling them to set up a nuclear base there, and this wasn't good for the United States because Cuba is so close, so now the US is the weaker country.

Eisenhower & The Cold War

How did the United States react to the following 7 events, and why?

1. The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.
President Truman had to decide if he wanted to make a more powerful bomb than the atomic bomb.

2. In 1951, the Iranian prime minister placed the oil industry in Iran under the Iranian government’s control.
The US CIA made anti-Mossadegh supporters. They liked Shah of Iran, because he was pro-american. These supporters got their points across and Shah was restored to order.

3. The Guatemalan head of government gave American-owned land in Guatemala to peasants.
The CIA sent an army into Guatemala. The Guatemalan army refused to protect their president so he resigned and the US armies leader became dictator.

4. In 1956, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal.
The UN stepped in to stop the fighting and persuaded Britian, France, and Isreal to back down.

5. Soviet tanks invaded Hungary and fired on protesters in 1956.
The United States did nothing to help Hungary become free from communism. The Hungarians were upset that America wouldn't help them.

6. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik.
The American's were shocked that the technology of the Soviet Union was greater than their own so the immediately poured money into the space program.

7. In 1960, the Soviet Union brought down an American U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers.
He agreed to stop the U2 flights but he never apologized, because he wanted open skies.

The Red Scare (1950s)

For each term or name, write a concise sentence or two explaining its significance.


1. HUAC
The HUAC stands for the Hou Un-American Activities Committee. They investigated the communist influence being leaked into American movies.

2. Blacklist
The blacklist was a list of people in the Hollywood Movie industry that were thought to have communist influence. If they were on this list, their whole career was ruined even if they weren't a communist.

3. Alger Hiss
He was accused of being a communist and sent to jail. Future Vice President Nixon tried to prove than Hiss was innocent.

4. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were minor activists in the Communist party. They were also Jewish. When thought to be guilty of Espionage the pleaded the fifth amendment and thought they were being discriminated against because they were Jewish. They were found guilty and the judge said it was a crime "worse than murder"... they were sentenced to death.

5. Joseph McCarthy
Senator Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin was very anti-communist. In order to get elected again he used Mccarthyism, saying that people in the government were communist and that he would help find them.

6. McCarthyism
Led by Joseph McCarthy, he led a hunt to find communists in the goverment. He said that the democratic party was very communist but he never actually produced a name of a so-called communist.

7. In a paragraph, describe the motivations and actions of Joseph McCarthy during the 1950s. What prompted his actions? What did he do? What happened as a result of his actions?
Senator Joseph McCarthy was a republican from Wisconsin. He said that he knew that there was communists in the government and if he was re-elected, he would help find them. Using the publics fear as a weapon, he wielded the publics fear of the communists to his advantage. Using a tactic that came to be known as Mccarthyism, he led "hunts" to find communists. But he never even produced a name of one single communist, but using the fear of the public, he just said that the democrats were guilty of "20 years of communism." The Republicans did little to stop his accusations because they wanted a republican in office. However when Mccarthy started calling the US army communists, he lost some public support, and thus began his downfall. Mccarthy got tied up in his false accusations and quickly lost favor with the public and several years later died of alcoholism.

War in the Pacific

1. What was the importance of the Battle of Midway?
The battle of Midway was a turning point in the war. When the Americans won this war, American's began island hopping, meaning that the would take over each small island slowly making their way to Japan.
2. What strategy did the United States adopt in fighting Japan?
By using this island hopping tenique, they were taking it slowly but surely, becoming more offensive.
3. Why did the Japanese fight so hard on Iwo Jima?
The Japanese fought so extra hard because if the American armies got control of this island they could use it as a perfect base for bombing.
4. Why did the Allies believe Okinawa was a foretaste of an invasion of Japan?
If they took over okinawa, they couldn't "island hop" anymore, the next place to invade with Japan, and the allies knew that they would lose millions millions of lives.
5. What was the Manhattan Project?
The Manhattan Project, leaded by J. Robert Oppenhiemer, was a study trying to make atom bombs, and they succeeded.

6. Ultimately, why did President Truman decide to drop atomic bombs on Japan?
To invade Japan with troops would cost millions of lives, British and American, the government couldn't just tell these men to go die. The war had to be stopped.

War for Europe & North Africa

1. To what did Roosevelt and Churchill agree early in the war?
Two days after the Pearl Harbor attack Winston Churchill and Frenkiln Roosevelt agreed to join forces against Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union. They decided first to start the attack on Hitler because if they got him out of the way they would have control over the Pacific.


2. Why was winning the Battle of the Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes of the Allies?
If The allies didn't win the battle of the Atlantic Hitler would cut off all food and resources that needed to get to Great Britian. If they didn't win this battle, Great Britian would fall.


3. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so important?
The soviet union lost more than 1,100,000 soldiers. This was important because from that moment on the soviet union started moving west towards Germany.
4. What happened in the war in North Africa?
In North Africa the axis powers took over after months of fighting.

5. What happened after the Allies invaded Italy?
Citizens of Italy began to want freedom and hated mussolini. But it was a while before the allies finally were ableto take control of Italy because Hitler keep on getting in the way.
6. What was D-Day?
June 6, 1944 - it was the first day of the invasion.
7. What happened at the Battle of the Bulge?

8. What did Allied troops find in Germany?
The found that citizens didnt like nazis
9. What happened to Hitler? What happened to F.D. Roosevelt? Who became U.S. President?
Hitler commited suicide and roosevelt died.

Mobilizing for WWII

1. Selective Service System
The selective service helped meet the demand of needing more soldiers.
2. Women
The Womens Auxilary Army Corps fought to have the right to fight in battle because they believed that they had a right to fight.
3. Minorities
People of all races in America
4. Manufacturers
Automobiles and other industries started going up, causing more jobs and a true end to the great depression.
5. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
New scientits invented improvement in radar and sonar technology.
6 Entertainment industry
It encouraged people to buy war bonds.
7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)
It fought inflation
8. War Production Board (WPB)
Decided if companies would be wartime or peacetime.
9. Rationing
It got the army the essentials

Japan and U.S. Relations in 1941

Japan and U.S. Relations in 1941

Document A
•Japan feared that Germany or Italy would take over England and Japan would grow weaker.
•Japan thought that they should take over China and then they soviet union to gain power
•Japan hoped to then conquer Asia then England and then America


Document B
•Japan claimed they didn’t want to take over England again

Document C
•America “humiliated” Japan
•Tell America that Japan has tried to be peaceful and suffered, so that now must end

Document D
•“His majesties” orders of war must be obeyed
•Japanese government and military must come closer together


Document E
•December 7, 1941 – Japan bombed Pearl harbor deliberately
•The Japanese deceived the American because they were still talking of peace between Japan and America when they bombed Pearl Harbor
•This attack was obviously planned weeks ago, even though there was talks of peace

World Events Set Stage for Isolationism

1. What was the Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (pgs. 4 - 5)

Japanese had mixed feelings about the treaty as it was being signed. Some thought that they should engage in the Treaty because it could help them get the supplies that they needed to support their economy. The other's thought that the greater powers that were involved in the treaty such as Britian, France, and America, would be more powerful and treat them unfairly. Many people were racist against them.

2. Read the pull-out box on page 4 entitled, "Japan Becomes a Great Power." Cite specific evidence Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European & American interests. And, why specifically was Japan threatened by U.S. actions?

Using other strong foreign nation's ideas. Japans rise to power was quick and strong. Using the British army idea's and the U.S. banking, Japan benifited greatly. Japan was threatened by the United States imperialistic behaviors. With the U.S. now controlling Hawaii, Midway, and the Phillipines, Japan thought that the United States might pose a threat to them next.

3. Why was the Washington Naval Conference convened and what was accomplished? (pg. 6) (Note: Japan signs the agreement.)

The washington Naval Conference was a meeting held with all the powerful foreign nations and the US. It outlawed use of poison gasses in warefare and limited the size of battleships and the production of them.

4. The Senate's willingness to ratify the Kellogg-Briand Pact relected two strong and widely held sentiments. What were they? (pgs. 6 - 7)

This made peace between France and the US because of trading. This also required them to solve disputes peacefully and without war.

5. Why did Hitler enjoy popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s? Give three reasons. (pgs. 9 - 10)

Hitler was able to gain popularity by blaming a major fire on communists, even though it was never proved, he improved the economic situation in Germany and helped reduce unemployment.

6. Japan voiced its intentions to invade China for what two reasons? (pg. 10)

Japan wanted China because they had become to rely heavily on foreign trading and they wanted to become an economically self sufficient nation.

7. Compare the Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria. What did they accomplish?

Even though it wasn't china's fault, Japan could easily blame these events on the Chinese and then have an excuse to attack. This was important because this gave Japan the excuse to get the land that they wanted.

8. Why was the United States unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s with a significant military force? (pgs. 11 - 12)

With the United States Open Door Notes, the US had become active in China. But when Japan started attacking China, the US or any other foreign power who didn't want to see this happen just didn't have enough military power to stop it plus they didn't want to get in another World War so they weren't that strict about enforcing the rules.

9. Describe the major similarities and differences among liberal democracy, fascism, and socialism. (pg. 8)

Fascism puts the economy under government control and pays more attention to controlling the entire state instead of the individual. Socialism tried to create a classless society where everyone is equal. Liberal democracies have an elected leader and a consitution.

FDR & the New Deal

1. Describe how people struggled to survive during the depression.
During the Great Depression many people lost their jobs, got evicted from their homes, and ended up living on the streets. Many people lived in shantytowns and scavenged for fod in the garbage.

2. How was what happened to men during the Great Depression different from what happened to women? Children?
Men would often feel discouraged that they couldn't take care of their familes and some after a while would abandon them. Some men became hoboes and would travel around in large group of men, hitchhiking and finding whatever food they could. Women would often work for a small pay so that they could feed their children, but after a while the men started to feel resentment toward the woman because they said that women had no right to work when there was unemployed men. Children became much weaker because of malnutrition and poor diet.

3. Describe the causes and effects (on people) because of the Dust Bowl.
They dust caused a drought and their crops died so farmers were forced to leave. Many people inhaled too much dust and this would often leave people with health problems, expecially babies and the elderly.

Objective: Summarize the initial steps Franklin D. Roosevelt took to reform banking and finance.

4. What was the New Deal and its three general goals? (The 3 Rs)

5. What did Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?
Helped pass the New Deals

6. Why were Roosevelt's fireside chats significant?
It made peace and seemed like a friendlier way to talk

7. Describe four significant agencies and/or bills that tightened regulation of banking and finance.
Glass-Steagall Act
Federal Securities Act
Agurcultural Act
Citizens Act

Causes of the Great Depression Outline

To what extent was the Wall Street Crash a cause of the Great Depression of 1929? Support your argument with specific examples.

While the Wall Street was a factor of the Great Depression, there were many greater cause of it such as farming, industry, consumer spending, credit, and bank failure.



the wall street crash was risky because people were spending to much on credit. they couldn't pay the debts and the stocks were risky because they were like the lottery.

1. Farming
a. After war many farmers couldn't sell and pay for the supplies and machines that they were buying before.
b. many farmers lost their jobs
2. Industry
a. railroads were not used as much because of busses, and cars
b. coal mining wasn't used as much because of electricity can now be made using turbines
3. Consumer Spending
a. people were losing their jobs
b. people were buying less because of the lost jobs
4. Bank Failure
a. because no one was paying the loans back
b. they gave away people's savings to people that needed loans for the market

Causes & Early Effects of the Great Depression

1. What happened on "Black Tuesday"?
On Back Tuesday, the market dropped and the shareholder's dropped a record number of 16.4 million stocks. People who were stucks with stocks were often left in huge debt.

2. How did the economic trends of the 1920s in industry, agriculture, and with consumers help cause the Great Depression? (Make sure you include significant details about each area in your answer. It should be at least a paragraph)

Railroads lost a lot of money because people now used buses and cars more frequently. Coal mining was also not needed as much because there was new advances in hydroelectric power and natural gas. Also, one of the most important ones was that the number of houses being built was declining rapidly, which made many people lose any jobs relating to housing, such as manufacturing and lumber companies. Farmers also foretold a great depression because after demand for wheat and corn fell after World War I, farmers found that they had too much crops and loans that they couldn't pay off. Americans were also buying less because prices were rising and they found that they didn't have a lot of money.

3. According to your reading, what are the major causes of the Great Depression?
The major causes were farmers taking loans that they couldn't afford, people buying less because they were losing jobs and had less money, and the sudden drop in use of railroads and mining.


4. What was Hoover’s philosophy of government?
Hoover believed that the government shouldn't control, but find peaceful solutions and find mutual solutions between business and labor.


5. What was Hoover’s initial reaction to the stock market crash of 1929?
He thought that to doubt the future economy's success was foolish and people should just go about their lives as if nothing is happening.


6. What was the nation’s economic situation in 1930?
In 1930 the situation was as bad as ever, with farmers even refusing to selling their crops and some even burning them.
7. How did voters in 1930 respond to this situation?
When president Hoover's time as president was up, the people voted against the republicans and into the democrats favor.


8. What did Hoover do about the economic situation?
Hoover built the Boulder dam, his one great acomplishment. It would help make electricity for the US people.


9. How did the economy respond to his efforts
The People started seeing Hoover as evil and was eager to get Hoover and his republican ideas out of office. The homeless started calling the newspapers that they used as blankets "Hoover blankets" etc.

The Twenties Woman

1. Note two ways women's fashions changed.
Women started following the ideas of flapper, they wore dresses above the knees, and strings of beads.
2. Note two ways women's social behavior changed.
Women started dancing, smoking cigarettes, and drinking in public.
3. Note two words that describe the attitude reflected by these changes.
Often these flapper girls just seemed like a kind of rebellion, when the double standard was passed, this cause many women to go back and forth between old and new traditions.
4. Note one way women's work opportunities improved.
There was a great demand for "womens jobs" such as nurses, typists, office assistants, and librarians.
5. Note two ways women's home and family life improved.
There was new birth control science, and new inventions to make home life easier such as ready-made clothes, sliced bread, and canned soup. Also marriage became more equal.
6. Note three negative effects that accompanied women's changing roles in the 1920s.
Women soon discovered it was hard to handle work, and family, and teens tented to be more rebellious.

Prohibition and the Scopes Trial

Do you think the passage of the Volstead Act and the ruling in the Scopes trial represented genuine triumphs for traditional values?

Yes, it did present genuine triumph for traditional values because often in rural America they were very religious and believed that drinking, and the teaching of evolution was a sin. While they did believe that alcohol was a sin, they also believed that its cause wife and child abuse, crime, and accidents while working. What was partially true, but could have just been another excuse to bring down urban drinking and pass this prohibition was that it endangered peoples health. What was a big factor of why they wanted the prohibition was that during world war I, a lot of brewers in America were German-Americans, leading native-born Americans to feel prejudice against buying their alcohol. This was a big truimph for traditional values because it hurt the urban (the new) ideas and practices.

In the Scopes trail, a man by the name of John T. Scopes was arrested for teaching evolution, but not in a religious stand point. he said that "creation" may be from cells, he looked at it from a science stand point. Fundamentalists were horrified of the thought of evolution and were out raged at Scopes for teaching their children this was, a sin. even though Scopes said that the bible may be interpreted in several ways, he was still found guilty and fined $100. The was a truimph for tradition because it stuck to the religion and gave no new ideas, such as evolution.

Americans Struggle with Postwar Issues

After World War I, many Americans feared that Communists would take over the country.

1. How did the Justice Department under A. Mitchell Palmer respond to this fear?
They invade people personal rights and invade peoples person private homes and belongings.
2. Why did Palmer eventually lose his standing with the American public?
When Palmer couldn't find any explosives or anything dangerous, the public soon decided he didn't know what he was talking about.
3. How did the Ku Klux Klan respond to this fear?

4. Why did the Klan eventually lose popularity and membership?
People were afraid of the Red Scare.
5. Briefly describe how Sacco and Vanzetti became victims of the Red Scare.
Just because they were Italian, they were automatically doubted and arrested, Americans thought that their race proved that they must have done the crime.

Public opinion turned against labor unions as many Americans came to believe that unions encouraged communism.

6. Why was the strike by Boston police unpopular with the public?
The strike was seen as unpopular because it was viewed as an act of communism and anarchy.
7. Why did Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge become so popular?
He became popular for his putting down of communism and anarchy
8. Why was the strike at U.S. Steel unpopular?
It was unpopular because the workers wewre seen as communists for trying to join a union.
9. How did President Wilson respond to the steel strike?
With a plea...thats about it...

Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace

1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
Wilson's fourteenth point was to create the League of Nations, where all nations across the world would gather to create peace and avoid war. Wilson was "in love" with this plan, and was willing to even give up all his other points just so the league of nations could be created.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
Even though there was a peace conference, Germany was not invited. The British had taken up the motto "Make the British pay."
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
Some weaknesses were that it humiliated Germany, anger it. expecially the war guilt clause, that made Germany admit guily for starting the war.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He believed that the League of Nations threatened the isolation of the countries.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He pushed and pushed and delivered speeches, but the U.S. only became a slient watcher in the League.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
Adolf Hitler angered the Germans against the U.S. and other european nations. He said that "The 2 million Germans shouldn't have died in vain. We should demand vengance!"
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
The French prime minister. He forsaw world war two and disapproved of the League of Nations as a whole.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
The british prime minister, he wanted revenge on Germany.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
They weren't invited, and were angry because they just had a rebellion and lost more territory than Germany did.