1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
Wilson's fourteenth point was to create the League of Nations, where all nations across the world would gather to create peace and avoid war. Wilson was "in love" with this plan, and was willing to even give up all his other points just so the league of nations could be created.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
Even though there was a peace conference, Germany was not invited. The British had taken up the motto "Make the British pay."
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
Some weaknesses were that it humiliated Germany, anger it. expecially the war guilt clause, that made Germany admit guily for starting the war.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He believed that the League of Nations threatened the isolation of the countries.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He pushed and pushed and delivered speeches, but the U.S. only became a slient watcher in the League.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
Adolf Hitler angered the Germans against the U.S. and other european nations. He said that "The 2 million Germans shouldn't have died in vain. We should demand vengance!"
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
The French prime minister. He forsaw world war two and disapproved of the League of Nations as a whole.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
The british prime minister, he wanted revenge on Germany.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
They weren't invited, and were angry because they just had a rebellion and lost more territory than Germany did.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
Friday, December 4, 2009
The U.S. enters World War I
1. How did the United States raise an army?
U.S. raised an army by passing the Selective Service Act.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
They started the convoy system, which included battle ships.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The war costed over 338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
American lost 48,000 men, with another 62,000 to disease, in all, over 100,000.
5. Define armistice.
The armistice is the truce that ended the war.
U.S. raised an army by passing the Selective Service Act.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
They started the convoy system, which included battle ships.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
The war costed over 338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
American lost 48,000 men, with another 62,000 to disease, in all, over 100,000.
5. Define armistice.
The armistice is the truce that ended the war.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
: World War I Begins
1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.
Nationalism - a devotion and interest to one's own origin.
Imperialism - all foriergn powers wanted more control.
Militarism - more weapon technology
Allies - made other foriegn power have to go into war if another country did (chain reaction)
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
It was an excuse for austria - hungary to attack with germany as their allies, then it was just a chain reaction.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
Alot of bloodshed, barbed wire and new weapons such as the machine gun made the fighting difficult and deadly. The germans realized that this was going to be a longer fight than first expected.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The United states wanted to remain neutrall so they could keep exportingand importing goods safely.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
The thought of it more as a european war, and parents wanted their soldier home for the holidays.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany was suffering because they didn't have enough food, and the U.S. was hesitant to try and pass the blockades.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The Germans started bombing unarmed U.S. ships that were meant for trading.
Nationalism - a devotion and interest to one's own origin.
Imperialism - all foriergn powers wanted more control.
Militarism - more weapon technology
Allies - made other foriegn power have to go into war if another country did (chain reaction)
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
It was an excuse for austria - hungary to attack with germany as their allies, then it was just a chain reaction.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
Alot of bloodshed, barbed wire and new weapons such as the machine gun made the fighting difficult and deadly. The germans realized that this was going to be a longer fight than first expected.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The United states wanted to remain neutrall so they could keep exportingand importing goods safely.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
The thought of it more as a european war, and parents wanted their soldier home for the holidays.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany was suffering because they didn't have enough food, and the U.S. was hesitant to try and pass the blockades.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The Germans started bombing unarmed U.S. ships that were meant for trading.
Monday, November 16, 2009
America as a World Power
1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
When the Japanese started the war, they began winning battles and attacks against the Russians. Soon however, Japan started to run out of men and money to fight with. They didn't want Russia to figure this out, so Japanese officials went to Roosevelt in secret to ask for his help in negotiating peace to stop the war. Roosevelt agreed quickly and soon had the two parties together peacefully discussing peace.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
The Panama canal was needed because if created, it would greatly reduce travel time for U.S and other foreign countries ships (importing and exporting.) This would create a shortcut between the Atlantic and the Pacific ocean. When the U.S. asked Columbia (which ruled Panama at the time) if they could make the canal, they didn't approve. Which let to a revolt, that tried to get free from Colombian rule.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States has claimed the right to protect it economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of Western Hemisphere nations. This was added to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specific)
He gave the bank power to reclaim it's loans that they gave to Nicaragua, and now the bank controlled the railroads (Nicaragua's railroads) and its national bank. The Roosevelt Colollary agreed with this perfectly because it was "protecting it's economic interests."
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Wilson invaded because much of the U.S.'s oil, mines, railroad, and ranches were in Mexico. When the Mexican government was overthrown, Wilson refused to recognize this new government and waited for the right moment to attack. Wilson didn't want to recognize a government that had come to power as a result of violence.
6. What were three major foreign policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
Panama Canal - the U.S. had the right to build and use the canal that would make trading much easier.
Roosevelt Colollory - the U.S. now had the power to attack and foreign country if they thought that they were in harm economically.
Dollar Diplomacy - this allowed the U.S. to use the nations economy to gain power.
When the Japanese started the war, they began winning battles and attacks against the Russians. Soon however, Japan started to run out of men and money to fight with. They didn't want Russia to figure this out, so Japanese officials went to Roosevelt in secret to ask for his help in negotiating peace to stop the war. Roosevelt agreed quickly and soon had the two parties together peacefully discussing peace.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
The Panama canal was needed because if created, it would greatly reduce travel time for U.S and other foreign countries ships (importing and exporting.) This would create a shortcut between the Atlantic and the Pacific ocean. When the U.S. asked Columbia (which ruled Panama at the time) if they could make the canal, they didn't approve. Which let to a revolt, that tried to get free from Colombian rule.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States has claimed the right to protect it economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of Western Hemisphere nations. This was added to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specific)
He gave the bank power to reclaim it's loans that they gave to Nicaragua, and now the bank controlled the railroads (Nicaragua's railroads) and its national bank. The Roosevelt Colollary agreed with this perfectly because it was "protecting it's economic interests."
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Wilson invaded because much of the U.S.'s oil, mines, railroad, and ranches were in Mexico. When the Mexican government was overthrown, Wilson refused to recognize this new government and waited for the right moment to attack. Wilson didn't want to recognize a government that had come to power as a result of violence.
6. What were three major foreign policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
Panama Canal - the U.S. had the right to build and use the canal that would make trading much easier.
Roosevelt Colollory - the U.S. now had the power to attack and foreign country if they thought that they were in harm economically.
Dollar Diplomacy - this allowed the U.S. to use the nations economy to gain power.
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Imperialism's Bitter Fruit
1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
A gun was fired, and either side claimed it was the other side, and the Filipinos weren't being granted independence as soon as they thought.
b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
Many, many Americans died, it was very brutal. They punished innocent civilians frequently.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
Soldiers were faced with the same discrimination as they were in the war.
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a. It was under consideration that the Filipinos should be granted independence.
b. When the did, the Americans lost all interest of acquiring more land.
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
Gave American territory and naval bases.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a. Americans could see over Cuban economy.
b. Excersize veto power over Cuban foriegn policy.
c. Intervene when "life, liberty, property, and indivudual liberty" were at risk.
d. Permission to build a naval base.
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
A gun was fired, and either side claimed it was the other side, and the Filipinos weren't being granted independence as soon as they thought.
b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
Many, many Americans died, it was very brutal. They punished innocent civilians frequently.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
Soldiers were faced with the same discrimination as they were in the war.
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a. It was under consideration that the Filipinos should be granted independence.
b. When the did, the Americans lost all interest of acquiring more land.
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
Gave American territory and naval bases.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a. Americans could see over Cuban economy.
b. Excersize veto power over Cuban foriegn policy.
c. Intervene when "life, liberty, property, and indivudual liberty" were at risk.
d. Permission to build a naval base.
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Imperialism: The Origins of a Global Power
1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
In 1893, much of Hawaii's land was dominated by U.S. sugar plantation owners. American interest was great in Hawaii because it is right in the middle of the ocean and an excellent trading advantage point, not to mention the land was rich because of all the volcanic activities. I do agree with President Grover; we should have never of taken Hawaii, and did it purely for selfish U.S. benefit. Hawaii was in no danger and had a thriving lifestyle under Queen Liliuo' Kalani.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
a) The take over of Hawaii - it helped America because it allowed many more cash crops and a good middle point stopping area for traders and American business owners.
b) Immigration - when immigrants flooded into the U.S., this made urban growth expand rapidly. Also, not many farms were needed, only big industries.
c) Trade - the new immigrants helped make products to trade to other countries, which gave America a great amount of more money.
d) religion - instead of everyone being a Christianity, there were now many different types of religion.
e) big factories - The big factories promoted many jobs to the oncoming immigrants, no matter if the conditions were poor.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
This depression made many anti-immigrant feelings. This made a huge division between American and immigrants.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
For some, if not most, Americans, the frontier was the symbol of resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism and patriotism. It was the start of economic growth, and if the frontier was taken away, many Americans would feel that America just wouldn't be the same anymore.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
The businessmen wanted more involvement overseas because it would fuel economic growth (trading)
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
The Imperialists said that expanding the U.S. would help businessmen, and that made them on their side.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
THey were used so people would think its right, or that it's their godgiven right, when really imperialism is just cruel.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
The Protestant churches agreed with social Darwinism.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
It was good refueling and trading spots, as they were in the middle of the pacific ocean.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
Because Guiana had large deposits of gold. Olney invoked the Monroe Doctrine.
In 1893, much of Hawaii's land was dominated by U.S. sugar plantation owners. American interest was great in Hawaii because it is right in the middle of the ocean and an excellent trading advantage point, not to mention the land was rich because of all the volcanic activities. I do agree with President Grover; we should have never of taken Hawaii, and did it purely for selfish U.S. benefit. Hawaii was in no danger and had a thriving lifestyle under Queen Liliuo' Kalani.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
a) The take over of Hawaii - it helped America because it allowed many more cash crops and a good middle point stopping area for traders and American business owners.
b) Immigration - when immigrants flooded into the U.S., this made urban growth expand rapidly. Also, not many farms were needed, only big industries.
c) Trade - the new immigrants helped make products to trade to other countries, which gave America a great amount of more money.
d) religion - instead of everyone being a Christianity, there were now many different types of religion.
e) big factories - The big factories promoted many jobs to the oncoming immigrants, no matter if the conditions were poor.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
This depression made many anti-immigrant feelings. This made a huge division between American and immigrants.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
For some, if not most, Americans, the frontier was the symbol of resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism and patriotism. It was the start of economic growth, and if the frontier was taken away, many Americans would feel that America just wouldn't be the same anymore.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
The businessmen wanted more involvement overseas because it would fuel economic growth (trading)
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
The Imperialists said that expanding the U.S. would help businessmen, and that made them on their side.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
THey were used so people would think its right, or that it's their godgiven right, when really imperialism is just cruel.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
The Protestant churches agreed with social Darwinism.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
It was good refueling and trading spots, as they were in the middle of the pacific ocean.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
Because Guiana had large deposits of gold. Olney invoked the Monroe Doctrine.
Monday, October 26, 2009
Spanish-American War (1898)
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners
American Business Owners were interested in buying Cuba from the Spanish. The Spanish said that they would rather see Cuba sunk in the ocean than in American hands. The business owner liked Cuba for its large sugar cane production.
2. José Martí
Jose Marti was a Cuban Poet who was exiled to new york for being a traitor. He launched a revolution for Cuban independence in 1895. He used Guerrilla tactics to destroy sugar mills in the U.S. in hopes that it would provoke the U.S. to help the Cubans win independence.
3. Valeriano Weyler
In 1896, Spain responded to the Cuban's revolt by sending General Valeriano Weyler, to make peace and restore order. He put all the revolter's in concentration camps to try and stop the revolution, and thousands died in the camps.
4. Yellow journalism
To make civilians angered by Weyler's brutality, stories began spreading about children being thrown down poisoned wells, etc. This became known as yellow journalism.
5. De Lôme letter
This angered Americans because it insulted their president, making Spain seem more evil and Cuba "good."
6. U.S.S. Maine
This ship was sent to get American citizens to safety. But it blew up mysteriously, causing hundreds of people's deaths.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba
Fighting for independence, Cuba looked harmless and got American sympathies, and caused general hate towards Spain.
8. Puerto Rico
Imperialism was the real issue here, and the U.S. wondered if they had the right to annex them. The U.S. now owned Puerto Rico.
9. Guam
The U.S. now owned Guam.
10. Philippine Islands
The first battle happened here instead of Cuba, as Spain suspected. Americans took over Spain's main city and destroyed every one of their ships.
1. American business owners
American Business Owners were interested in buying Cuba from the Spanish. The Spanish said that they would rather see Cuba sunk in the ocean than in American hands. The business owner liked Cuba for its large sugar cane production.
2. José Martí
Jose Marti was a Cuban Poet who was exiled to new york for being a traitor. He launched a revolution for Cuban independence in 1895. He used Guerrilla tactics to destroy sugar mills in the U.S. in hopes that it would provoke the U.S. to help the Cubans win independence.
3. Valeriano Weyler
In 1896, Spain responded to the Cuban's revolt by sending General Valeriano Weyler, to make peace and restore order. He put all the revolter's in concentration camps to try and stop the revolution, and thousands died in the camps.
4. Yellow journalism
To make civilians angered by Weyler's brutality, stories began spreading about children being thrown down poisoned wells, etc. This became known as yellow journalism.
5. De Lôme letter
This angered Americans because it insulted their president, making Spain seem more evil and Cuba "good."
6. U.S.S. Maine
This ship was sent to get American citizens to safety. But it blew up mysteriously, causing hundreds of people's deaths.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba
Fighting for independence, Cuba looked harmless and got American sympathies, and caused general hate towards Spain.
8. Puerto Rico
Imperialism was the real issue here, and the U.S. wondered if they had the right to annex them. The U.S. now owned Puerto Rico.
9. Guam
The U.S. now owned Guam.
10. Philippine Islands
The first battle happened here instead of Cuba, as Spain suspected. Americans took over Spain's main city and destroyed every one of their ships.
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
He got selected because he was like Roosevelt but wanted to attack larger corporations and give more power to the average citizen, earning him votes.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
Roosevelt opposed Taft because he had a whole new party called the Progressive party and was welcomed as a hero.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
The weakness in the republicans because they split.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
The Clayton Antitrust act is what Wilson used against him.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
Women get equal rights. (woman sufferage ends)
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
Because promises that wilson made couldn't be kept.
He got selected because he was like Roosevelt but wanted to attack larger corporations and give more power to the average citizen, earning him votes.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
Roosevelt opposed Taft because he had a whole new party called the Progressive party and was welcomed as a hero.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
The weakness in the republicans because they split.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
The Clayton Antitrust act is what Wilson used against him.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
Women get equal rights. (woman sufferage ends)
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
Because promises that wilson made couldn't be kept.
TR's Square Deal
1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?
Roosevelt create the modern presidency because he was individualized. He wasn't from a rich family and could see the problems and the need for reform.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
This set a precedent because now people could see him as a comprimiser of big decisions and a peacemaker.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
Roosevelt passed the Interstate Commerence Act to help control it.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
The Meat Inspection Act helped protect citizens because people wounldn't risk getting gravel ill or death whenever they wanted to eat some meat.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
To protect the enviornment he made many conservation lands.
Roosevelt create the modern presidency because he was individualized. He wasn't from a rich family and could see the problems and the need for reform.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
This set a precedent because now people could see him as a comprimiser of big decisions and a peacemaker.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
Roosevelt passed the Interstate Commerence Act to help control it.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
The Meat Inspection Act helped protect citizens because people wounldn't risk getting gravel ill or death whenever they wanted to eat some meat.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
To protect the enviornment he made many conservation lands.
Urbanzation.
1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization is the the rapid growth of cities.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
This happened usually because immigrants wanted to some find work or freedom, but it became so crowded that it was very unhealthy and led to disease.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Because their was to much urbanization people didn't have proper trash cleaning. Also, people were cramped and often with no windows in their small houses, meaning that there wasn't any proper fire escape.
Urbanization is the the rapid growth of cities.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
This happened usually because immigrants wanted to some find work or freedom, but it became so crowded that it was very unhealthy and led to disease.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Because their was to much urbanization people didn't have proper trash cleaning. Also, people were cramped and often with no windows in their small houses, meaning that there wasn't any proper fire escape.
Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
Efforts to Reform Child Labor
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
In this photo it show a young girl working in a cotton mill already for one year. Even though she is young, she has to work four rows of machines for very little pay - about 48 cents an hour. This girl's clothes seem not appropriate for working in a cotton mill, it seems loose fitting and could easily get get caught in the machines, not to mention it looks filthy. Three things that I can infer about this child's life, are that one, they were very dirty, two, they got little pay, and three, they weren't paid very much.
Photograph B
These girls are unhappy, and don't look like they want to work, they look disgruntled and unhappy that they are getting their pictures taken. They also look like they have bad back problems and most of them are a little... deformed.
Photograph C
This shows a very young girl who is obviously working there even though their overseer's say that she "just happened in" or "is helping sister." People who were in charge of these businesses obviously don't care how young the child is, as long as they can work.
Photograph D
In this photo there is a small boy selling newpapers on the streets. He looks very unhappy and you can only imajine how long he has been selling papers. He almost looks like he's worried he will be in big trouble because nobosy seems to be buying his papers.
Photograph E
In this photo there is many boy's working in filthy conditions with dust in the air everywhere. This would damage the boy's lungs greatly. Also this show cruel working conditions because it shows a bigger boys standing over the smaller boys ready to beat them into shape i they don't work hard enough or disobey.
Photograph F
This is a picture of many boys working hard in an Indiana Glass Works company. Even though it says it is nine in the evening these boys show no sign of stopping. Also, it looks like dangerous conditions because there is many pipes that look loose and are probably very hot.
Photograph G
This is a horrible picture of people of all ages working in an oyster shucking and canning industry. Even a toddler who is probably barely three is working. It states that there is an expected work hour of 3:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. at least with most likely no breaks. the mother of the little toddlers doesn't even seem to mind that her child is working at such a young age and says, "she is a real help to me."
Photograph H
In this photo its show children working the night shift in a mill in horrible, chilling conditions. Some of the children have to work so hard because there is no laws against parents not having to support their children. These conditions were so horrible that children probably died in these conditions. they had to work 12 hour shifts..
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
In this photo it show a young girl working in a cotton mill already for one year. Even though she is young, she has to work four rows of machines for very little pay - about 48 cents an hour. This girl's clothes seem not appropriate for working in a cotton mill, it seems loose fitting and could easily get get caught in the machines, not to mention it looks filthy. Three things that I can infer about this child's life, are that one, they were very dirty, two, they got little pay, and three, they weren't paid very much.
Photograph B
These girls are unhappy, and don't look like they want to work, they look disgruntled and unhappy that they are getting their pictures taken. They also look like they have bad back problems and most of them are a little... deformed.
Photograph C
This shows a very young girl who is obviously working there even though their overseer's say that she "just happened in" or "is helping sister." People who were in charge of these businesses obviously don't care how young the child is, as long as they can work.
Photograph D
In this photo there is a small boy selling newpapers on the streets. He looks very unhappy and you can only imajine how long he has been selling papers. He almost looks like he's worried he will be in big trouble because nobosy seems to be buying his papers.
Photograph E
In this photo there is many boy's working in filthy conditions with dust in the air everywhere. This would damage the boy's lungs greatly. Also this show cruel working conditions because it shows a bigger boys standing over the smaller boys ready to beat them into shape i they don't work hard enough or disobey.
Photograph F
This is a picture of many boys working hard in an Indiana Glass Works company. Even though it says it is nine in the evening these boys show no sign of stopping. Also, it looks like dangerous conditions because there is many pipes that look loose and are probably very hot.
Photograph G
This is a horrible picture of people of all ages working in an oyster shucking and canning industry. Even a toddler who is probably barely three is working. It states that there is an expected work hour of 3:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. at least with most likely no breaks. the mother of the little toddlers doesn't even seem to mind that her child is working at such a young age and says, "she is a real help to me."
Photograph H
In this photo its show children working the night shift in a mill in horrible, chilling conditions. Some of the children have to work so hard because there is no laws against parents not having to support their children. These conditions were so horrible that children probably died in these conditions. they had to work 12 hour shifts..
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
Big Business and Labor Quiz
Social Darwinism was when the term "survival of the fittest" came in. Also, some people were upset because the theory was that people descended from apes and that instead of the world being 6,000 years old, as most people believed at that time, but instead millions of years old. People, and the government believed that the government couldn't interfere because it would upset the natural order of things. People, especially big business owners, believed strongly in this so the government wouldn't, and couldn't interfere with their market.
Laissez Faire was when the government let the government let the businesses do pretty much whatever they wanted. Big business owners believed that because the government didn't make the market, they did, so the government shouldn't be able to control the market, they should. This was very bad for the people in lower class because big business owners could now underpay and overwork their employee's as much as they wanted to without getting in trouble with the government. This was also bad news because small businesses couldn't compete with that and would quickly fail.
Laissez Faire was when the government let the government let the businesses do pretty much whatever they wanted. Big business owners believed that because the government didn't make the market, they did, so the government shouldn't be able to control the market, they should. This was very bad for the people in lower class because big business owners could now underpay and overwork their employee's as much as they wanted to without getting in trouble with the government. This was also bad news because small businesses couldn't compete with that and would quickly fail.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Labor Unions & Big Business
The Knights of Labor
a. Identification - Wanted better working conditions, only group to survive the depression, founded in 1860, Knights welcomed everyone, even women and African Americans and immigrants
b. Significance - Was a bright side to the world, wasn't racist or sexist, gave people better working conditions.
The Haymarket Riot
a. Identification - wanted an 8 hour workday, police killed two unionists, people protested police brutality. People bombed the police officers.
b. Significance - drew attention to the growing discontent and the horrible work conditions.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification - led the American Federation of Labor
b. Significance - accepted industrialization unlike the Knights.
The Homestead Strike
a. Identification - people went on strike and refused to accept pay cuts
b. Significance - the strikers lost
The Pullman Strike
a. Identification - striked against policies at the work houses, Pullman did not negotiate with workers
b. Significance - Soldiers were sent in and strikers sent tojail or stopped.
Eugene V. Debbs
a. Identification - led the Pulman's strike
b. Significance - Voted to pull the Pullman carts
The Industrail Workers of the World
a. Identification - wanted to unify all laborers like the Knights, was small
b. Significance - failed when World War I put most of the leaders in jail.
a. Identification - Wanted better working conditions, only group to survive the depression, founded in 1860, Knights welcomed everyone, even women and African Americans and immigrants
b. Significance - Was a bright side to the world, wasn't racist or sexist, gave people better working conditions.
The Haymarket Riot
a. Identification - wanted an 8 hour workday, police killed two unionists, people protested police brutality. People bombed the police officers.
b. Significance - drew attention to the growing discontent and the horrible work conditions.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification - led the American Federation of Labor
b. Significance - accepted industrialization unlike the Knights.
The Homestead Strike
a. Identification - people went on strike and refused to accept pay cuts
b. Significance - the strikers lost
The Pullman Strike
a. Identification - striked against policies at the work houses, Pullman did not negotiate with workers
b. Significance - Soldiers were sent in and strikers sent tojail or stopped.
Eugene V. Debbs
a. Identification - led the Pulman's strike
b. Significance - Voted to pull the Pullman carts
The Industrail Workers of the World
a. Identification - wanted to unify all laborers like the Knights, was small
b. Significance - failed when World War I put most of the leaders in jail.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
Identifying Terms
Andrew Carnegie - Was one of the first industrial moguls to change from being dirt poor, to rich.
Social Darwinism - Grew out of the biological evolution by Charles Johnson. It went around "natural selection."
John D. Rockefeller - Established the corporation of the Standard Oil Company, and took a different approach to mergers.
Sherman Antitrust Act - made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Samuel Gompers - let the Cigar's Makers' International Union to join with the craft unions in 1886.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) - focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to write written agreement on wages, hours, and working conditions.
Eugene V. Debs - attempted to form an industrial union.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) - a group of radical unionist and socialists.
Mary Harris Jones- Very involved in the Women's labor movement.
Social Darwinism - Grew out of the biological evolution by Charles Johnson. It went around "natural selection."
John D. Rockefeller - Established the corporation of the Standard Oil Company, and took a different approach to mergers.
Sherman Antitrust Act - made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Samuel Gompers - let the Cigar's Makers' International Union to join with the craft unions in 1886.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) - focused on collective bargaining, or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to write written agreement on wages, hours, and working conditions.
Eugene V. Debs - attempted to form an industrial union.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) - a group of radical unionist and socialists.
Mary Harris Jones- Very involved in the Women's labor movement.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Railroad Development
The Federal Government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
The Federal Government was extremely eager to promote the growth of railroads and to give out loans for them for several reasons. First, the railroads gave a lot more freedom to let settlers expand West. People gobbled up the fertile land for farming. With the railroads, it was much easier to trade goods from the farms to the more modern city in the North. Also, when immigrants began flooding into the states, mainly the Chinese, this gave jobs so the railroads could get built for little pay, helping the federal government with the cost of building it. With thousands of people flooding to the west, mainly using the railroads, it was only logical for the government to want to support the expanding railroads.
The Federal Government was extremely eager to promote the growth of railroads and to give out loans for them for several reasons. First, the railroads gave a lot more freedom to let settlers expand West. People gobbled up the fertile land for farming. With the railroads, it was much easier to trade goods from the farms to the more modern city in the North. Also, when immigrants began flooding into the states, mainly the Chinese, this gave jobs so the railroads could get built for little pay, helping the federal government with the cost of building it. With thousands of people flooding to the west, mainly using the railroads, it was only logical for the government to want to support the expanding railroads.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Expansion of Industry
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.
The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States were the finding of oil out in the West, better steel and new uses for it, and the discovery of electricity. When Pattillo Higgens found oil in Texas, the Texas oil boom began. When Edwin L. Drake used a steam engine to drill for oil in Pennsylvania, people began to see drilling for oil as a more practical way to earn money. It soon spread to other states such as Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, and soon after, Texas. As the automobile became more popular, entrepreneurs began transforming the oil to kerosine, and in the refining, out came gasoline that was soon used to become fuel for the automobiles.
Along with oil being abundant in the West, so were coal and iron. When you remove all of the carbon out of iron, it becomes steel. To do this pioneers began using a process called the Bessemer process. This process involves injecting air into molten iron to get all the carbon out. By 1880, more than 90% of the world's steel was made using this process. (The Bessemer process was eventually replaced by the open hearth process.) The biggest use of steel was to make the rapidly growing railroad systems throughout the country. Also, barbed wire and Deere's farming materials were also made of steel. Steel also made new inventions and large structure possible, such as the Brooklyn Bridge and the World's First Skyscraper.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Westward Expansion Questions
1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed? Think About:
- Native Americans' way of life
- Cultural differences
- Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
- Government Promises
In my opinion, the very thought of assimilation for the Native Americans was doomed from the start. The Native Americans had lived the same way for thousands of years even before we Americans came along. The Indians must have thought, "We were here first. What right do you Americans have to come on our land, try to take it, and make us change our ways, our religion?" Even if some Native Americans were willing to try the American way of life, the Americans already looked down on Indians, what hope would they have of finding a good job? Would they become slave just like American negros? Even though he government promised to give them 160 acres for each head of the household and 80 to each unmarried adult, the Native Americans couldn't possibly have trusted this treaty because the American have broken many treaties before. The Native Americans also didn't want to give up the sacred land that they already owned, the land of their ancestors.
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
Think about:
- The growth in population on the Great Plains
- The role of railroads in the economy
- The Homestead Act
The Government was extremely successful at promoting settlement to the Great Plains. Settlers took advantage of the cheap and fertile land. The new railroad tracks made transportating cattle and other money making things for farmers much easier and quicker, getting more money for farmers and hunters who lived of this new land. When the government passed the Homestead Act, which gave 160 acres free to any head of household, over 600,000 families rushed into the Great Plains. So many settlers wanted to get land that when the government opened up Oklahoma for land, settlers rushed in so fast that the government hadn't even declared some land open before it was already claimed.
Wednesday, September 2, 2009
Conflict in Iraq Q & A
August 9, 2009
PART I
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: The Kurds live in the mountainous region of Iraq.
Shi'a: Mostly in southern Iraq.
Sunnis: The Sunnis live in Bagdad and in the north.
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Sha'i in the South own most of the oil reserves.
3. What is the main reason Britian become involved in Iraq?
The British wanted to gain control in Iraq's oil reserves as they have very little reserves.
4. What did Pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
The Pan-Arabists sought independence for the middle-east and encouraged Iraq to stop ties with the British.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970's?
Saddam Hussein held the possition of deputy under President Ahamad Hassan al-Bakr and devised a system to provide free education and universal health care.
6.Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq war?
The United States didn't want a victory by Iran's Islamist government.
7. Why did president George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List Two reasons
a. Suddam Hussein controlled one quarter of the world's oil fields
b. The president wanted to rekindle Arab nationalism
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The main religion in Iraq is Muslim. Out of this religion, its is split into two major sub-religions, Sunni muslims, Sha'i Muslims, and the Kurds. It is important to understand these differences because often in human history, when you don't know or understand something, you are usually afraid of it, which leads to you wanting to destroy/ eliminate it. For example, when the americans started to settle into the U.S., the found native americans there, they didn't know them, and feared them, leading them to almost extinction and harmful thoughs towards them. It seems that the Shi'a and the Sunnis and the Kurds don't know each other and don't understand. Which leads to fear, that can quickly turn to violence.
PART II
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posted to the region and the world? Name two.
a. The president said that Iraq had lots of WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction)
b. He thought that Suddam Hussein is a terrorist and was part of the bombing of the Twin towers when in fact he was not.
10.What were the U.S. government's declared goals in setting troops to Iraq?
a. The government said that they wanted to form democracy in Iraq.
b. They also wanted to make peace between the fighting religions.
11. List two reason violence continues in Iraq.
a. Violence continues because many Iraqis are angry at the U.S. presence still here
b. Also because they don't trust their new government
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Sha'i: The Sha'i view the Sunni's as supporters of Suddam Hussein and don't want them in power again. They also don't want the country to be led be foreigners so they want the U.S. out of Iraq.
Sunni: The Sunnis fear that the United States is helping the Sha'i rise to power in the government. They fight because they fear that if the Sha'i control the government Iraq will become Sha'i Iran.
Kurd: The Kurds also don't wan't the Sunni's to rise to power again. They want recognization in the religion and in Kurdistan. Kurds are very nationalistic.
Al Quaeda: Al Quaeda aims to overthrow the Iraqi new government using voilence. Also they want to make a single Iraqi Islamic state covering many different states.
PART I
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: The Kurds live in the mountainous region of Iraq.
Shi'a: Mostly in southern Iraq.
Sunnis: The Sunnis live in Bagdad and in the north.
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Sha'i in the South own most of the oil reserves.
3. What is the main reason Britian become involved in Iraq?
The British wanted to gain control in Iraq's oil reserves as they have very little reserves.
4. What did Pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
The Pan-Arabists sought independence for the middle-east and encouraged Iraq to stop ties with the British.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970's?
Saddam Hussein held the possition of deputy under President Ahamad Hassan al-Bakr and devised a system to provide free education and universal health care.
6.Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq war?
The United States didn't want a victory by Iran's Islamist government.
7. Why did president George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List Two reasons
a. Suddam Hussein controlled one quarter of the world's oil fields
b. The president wanted to rekindle Arab nationalism
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The main religion in Iraq is Muslim. Out of this religion, its is split into two major sub-religions, Sunni muslims, Sha'i Muslims, and the Kurds. It is important to understand these differences because often in human history, when you don't know or understand something, you are usually afraid of it, which leads to you wanting to destroy/ eliminate it. For example, when the americans started to settle into the U.S., the found native americans there, they didn't know them, and feared them, leading them to almost extinction and harmful thoughs towards them. It seems that the Shi'a and the Sunnis and the Kurds don't know each other and don't understand. Which leads to fear, that can quickly turn to violence.
PART II
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posted to the region and the world? Name two.
a. The president said that Iraq had lots of WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction)
b. He thought that Suddam Hussein is a terrorist and was part of the bombing of the Twin towers when in fact he was not.
10.What were the U.S. government's declared goals in setting troops to Iraq?
a. The government said that they wanted to form democracy in Iraq.
b. They also wanted to make peace between the fighting religions.
11. List two reason violence continues in Iraq.
a. Violence continues because many Iraqis are angry at the U.S. presence still here
b. Also because they don't trust their new government
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Sha'i: The Sha'i view the Sunni's as supporters of Suddam Hussein and don't want them in power again. They also don't want the country to be led be foreigners so they want the U.S. out of Iraq.
Sunni: The Sunnis fear that the United States is helping the Sha'i rise to power in the government. They fight because they fear that if the Sha'i control the government Iraq will become Sha'i Iran.
Kurd: The Kurds also don't wan't the Sunni's to rise to power again. They want recognization in the religion and in Kurdistan. Kurds are very nationalistic.
Al Quaeda: Al Quaeda aims to overthrow the Iraqi new government using voilence. Also they want to make a single Iraqi Islamic state covering many different states.
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